Ability to identify  common rock forming minerals and a knowledge of their key characteristics including composition, crystal structure, growth habit, cleavage, lustre, colour, streak, hardness, density and specific gravity.

Knowledge of the bulk chemical and physical properties of the Earth.

Knowledge of appropriate terminology to describe the key features of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Ability to identify common rock types.

Understanding of the mechanisms causing rocks to melt and a knowledge of the three common magma types, their chemical composition and physical properties.

Ability to describe the chemical evolution of magmas during cooling and solidification, including an understanding of Bowen’s reaction series.

Ability to identify the key features of volcanoes and an appreciation of different eruption styles.

Understanding of sediment classification and how sediments are transported deposited and eroded. An understanding of the laws of stratigraphy.

Knowledge of sedimentary environments and facies. 

Knowledge of the ways in which metamorphic rocks form, and an awareness of metamorphic grade and facies.

Ability to identify the key features of chemical, physical and biological weathering and an appreciation of the factors affecting weathering rate.

Understanding of the basic principles of geobotany.

Understanding of the formation of fossil fuel and mineral deposits and an appreciation of how these are exploited to provide energy.